Favrile glass
Favrile glass is a term originally used as a trade name for art glass produced at Tiffany Furnaces, a glassmaking factory owned by Louis Comfort Tiffany.[1][2] In modern times, the term is often used to describe the type of iridescent glass Tiffany produced there.[1] While first produced in the United States by Tiffany, this glass, a kind of lustred glass, was actually invented by Arthur J. Nash, inspired by the iridescence of corroded glassware unearthed from Roman ruins.[2] Tiffany lustred glass has a "soft, satiny sheen" due to Tiffany's use of opaque glass, in contrast to the "mirrorlike finish" achieved by some European varieties of lustred glass, which used transparent glass.[2]
Tiffany used this glass in the stained-glass windows designed and made by his studio. His largest and most significant work using Favrile glass is Dream Garden (1916), commissioned by the Curtis Publishing Company for their headquarters in Philadelphia and designed by Maxfield Parrish. It is now owned by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
Favrile glass was highly reputed and very expensive in its time, and sparked many imitations.[3]
History
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Tiffany founded his first glassmaking firm in 1892,[4] which he called the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company.[5] The factory, Tiffany Furnaces, was located in Corona, Queens, New York.[6] It was managed by English immigrant Arthur J. Nash, who was skilled in glassmaking.[citation needed] It was here that Tiffany developed his unique method of glassmaking.[7]
Tiffany worked to develop this new glass after being strongly influenced by his 1865 trip to Europe. In London he visited the South Kensington Museum, later renamed the Victoria and Albert Museum, whose extensive collection of Roman and Syrian glass made a deep impression on him. These included iridescent glass. He also admired the coloration of medieval glass and believed that he could improve on the quality of contemporary glass.[citation needed]
After much experimentation and development, he received the patent for Favrile glass in 1894.[8] He made the first Favrile objects in 1896.[9] At the 1900 Paris Exposition, Tiffany's Favrile glass won the grand prize in the exposition.[10]
Iridescence mechanism
[edit]According to materials scientist Gregory Merkel, favrile glass achieves iridescence in a similar way to Aurene glass.[11] The glass must have silver ions dissolved in it, which form a surface coat of metallic silver when the glass is placed in a chemically reducing environment.[11] These silver ions are added through the addition of silver nitrate.[11] The glass is then sprayed with dissolved tin salt, resulting in the formation of a thin and iridescent layer of tin oxide.[11] The reducing environment was achieved by "turning up" the oil until the flame became green, at which point the glass would be plunged in and out of the flame until a "silver mirror" appeared on the surface, at which point it was sprayed with tin chloride to create the oxide layer.[11] Thousands of experiments were required for Arthur Nash to develop this process.[11] However, it is unknown who first discovered the general principle.[11]
Chemically, the silver coat precipitates out of the glass because the reducing environment strips oxygen atoms from the surface of the glass, depositing electrons and negatively charging the surface of the glass.[11] The positively charged silver ions inside then precipitate out, absorbing the electrons and neutralizing the charge.[11]
Description
[edit]| Favrile glass | |
|---|---|
 Dream Garden glass-mosaic mural by Maxfield Parrish and made by Louis Comfort Tiffany | |
| Location | Immediately SW of Independence Hall |
| Coordinates | 39°56′54″N 75°09′06″W / 39.9482°N 75.1518°W |
| Built | w |
| Designated | November 30, 1998 |
Favrile is different from other iridescent glasses because its color is not just on the surface, but part of the glass.[12] The original trade name, Fabrile, was derived from an Old English word, fabrile, meaning "hand-wrought" or handcrafted.[13] Tiffany later changed the word to Favrile, "since this sounded better".[14]
Some of the distinguishing colors in Favrile glass include "Gold Lustre," "Samian Red," "Mazarin Blue," "Tel-el-amarna" (or Turquoise Blue), and "Aquamarine".[15]
According to The Huntington, Favrile glass is handmade, and the glassblower mixes different kinds of glass together, before coating the final product in metallic oxides to achieve an iridescent, or color-changing sheen.[16] As a result, favrile glass changes color in different lighting.[16] In the Favrile process, the use of glass of varying color or density also results in "veins" of color.[16][why?]
The Corning Museum of Glass describes the production process of one "Pansy" vase in detail. For this vase, tin chloride[clarification needed] was sprayed on the hot glass, which was then reheated in a chemically reducing environment.[1]
According to Cooper Hewitt, favrile glassmaking includes "infusing" the glass with iridescent pigments, and layering colors to create a sense of volume.[17]
According to the Charles Hosmer Museum of Modern Art, the glass made at Tiffany Studios was a kind of opalescent glass or American glass.[18]
Uses
[edit]Favrile was the first art glass to be used in stained-glass windows. Tiffany planned to make patterns in windows based on the shapes and color of his glass.[9] Favrile glass also backs a large ornamental clock in Detroit's Guardian Building.[19] The largest and most significant glass-mosaic produced with Favrile glass is likely the Dream Garden (1916), commissioned for the Curtis Publishing Company's headquarters in Philadelphia. Artist Maxfield Parrish designed the work, and Tiffany Studios executed and installed it. The work is now owned by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.[20]
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c "Pansy". Corning Museum of Glass Glass Collection. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
- ^ a b c "Lustred glass". Britannica. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
- ^ Grayburn, Chelsea (2019-04-01). "Useful Beauty: Tiffany Favrile, Carnival Glass, and Consumerism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century". Theses and Dissertations, University of South Carolina.
- ^ Pevsner 2005, p. 98
- ^ Craven 2003, p. 325
- ^ Lehmann 1918, p. 115
- ^ Warmus 2001, p. 70
- ^ Duncan 2003, p.19
- ^ a b Tutag & Hamilton 1987, p. 152
- ^ Burlingham 2002, p. 89
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Louis Comfort Tiffany: Artistry, chemistry, secrecy". JOM. 59 (9): 16–20. September 2007. doi:10.1007/s11837-007-0110-8. ISSN 1047-4838.
- ^ Von Drachenfels 2000, p. 275
- ^ Hesse 2007, p. 100
- ^ Warmus 2001, p.68
- ^ Lehmann 1918, pp. 117-118
- ^ a b c "Tiffany Glass". The Huntington. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
- ^ "A Touch of Glass". Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
- ^ "Secrets of Tiffany Glassmaking". The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art. Retrieved 2025-03-11.
- ^ Tutag & Hamilton 1987, p. 137
- ^ "Dream Garden", on USHistory.org
General and cited references
[edit]- Burlingham, Michael John (2002), Behind Glass: A Biography of Dorothy Tiffany Burlingham, Other Press, p. 364, ISBN 1-59051-010-0
- Craven, Wayne (2003), American Art: History and Culture, McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 687, ISBN 0-07-141524-6
- Hesse, Rayner W. (2007), Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 220, ISBN 978-0-313-33507-5
- Lehmann, Helen Mary (1918), The Glassware Department, Ronald Press, p. 161
- Pevsner, Nikolaus (2005), Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius (4th ed.), Yale University Press, p. 192, ISBN 0-300-10571-1
- Tutag, Nola Huse; Hamilton, Lucy (1987), Discovering Stained Glass in Detroit, Wayne State University Press, p. 166, ISBN 0-8143-1875-4
- Von Drachenfels, Suzanne (2000), The Art of the Table: a Complete Guide to Table Setting, Table Manners, and Tableware, Simon & Schuster, pp. 592, ISBN 0-684-84732-9
- Warmus, William (2001), Louis Comfort Tiffany, New York: Wonderland Press; H.N. Abrams, ISBN 978-0-8109-5828-9
External links
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- Louis Comfort Tiffany and Laurelton Hall: An Artist's Country Estate, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on favrile glass