Parahippus

Parahippus; Temporal range: Early to Middle Miocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Reconstructed P. leonensis skeleton, Florida Museum of Natural History
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Equidae
Subfamily:	†Anchitheriinae
Genus:	†Parahippus; Leidy, 1858
Species
	P. cognatus Leidy, 1858; P. coloradoensis Gidley, 1907; P. leonensis Sellards, 1916; P. pawniensis Gidley, 1907;

Parahippus ("near to horse"^[1]), is an extinct equid, a relative of modern horses, asses and zebras. It lived from 24 to 17 million years ago, during the Miocene epoch.^[2] It was very similar to Miohippus, but slightly larger, at around 1 metre (10 hands) tall, at the withers. Their fossils have been found in North America, primarily in the Great Plains region and Florida.^[3]

Taxonomy

The following fossil species are known:

P. cognatus Leidy, 1858 (type species) - mid-Miocene (Hemingfordian to Barstovian) of Nebraska (Loup Fork Formation) & South Dakota (Batesland Formation), US^[4]
P. coloradoensis Gidley, 1907 - early-mid Miocene (Arikareean to Barstovian) of South Dakota (Rosebud Formation), Colorado (Pawnee Creek Formation), & Oregon (Butte Creek Formation)^[5]
P. leonensis Sellards, 1916 - early to mid-Miocene (Arikareean to Hemingfordian) of Florida (Torreya Formation), Delaware (Calvert Formation), Texas (Oakville Formation), Colorado (Browns Park Formation), & Oregon (John Day Formation)^[6]
P. pawniensis Gidley, 1907 - early-mid Miocene (Arikareean to Hemingfordian) of Colorado (Pawnee Creek Formation), Wyoming, South Dakota (Rosebud Formation), Nevada, California (Vaqueros Formation) & Oregon (John Day Formation)^[7]

The former species P. tyleri Loomis, 1908 is now placed in Desmatippus.^[8]

Description

Parahippus was larger than Miohippus, with longer legs and face. The bones in the legs were fused and this, along with muscle development, allowed Parahippus to move with forward-and-back strides. Flexible leg rotation was eliminated, so that the animal was better adapted to fast forward running on open ground without moving from side to side. Most importantly, Parahippus was able to stand on its middle toe, instead of walking on pads, which gave it the ability to run faster; its weight was supported by ligaments under the fetlock to the big central toe.

Since leafy food had become scarce, these animals were forced to subsist on the newly evolved grasses that were by now taking over the plains, and their teeth adapted accordingly. The extra molar crest that was variable in Miohippus became permanent in Parahippus. The molars developed high crowns and a hard covering for grinding the grass, which was typically covered with high-silica dust and sand.^[9]

References

^ "Glossary. American Museum of Natural History". Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
^ "Parahippus". Florida Museum. 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
^ "Parahippus". Florida Museum. 2018-02-16. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 256. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.